![]() They should be able to withstand physical loads, be mechanically compatible with the surrounding environment, and serve as structural support systems for tissue regeneration to take place. In engineering these temporary templates, there are several characteristics that must be considered and fulfilled. Scaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) constructs that serve as temporary templates and provide cells with an appropriate environment for tissue regeneration and formation. These mechanically reinforced and biologically compatible 3D printed PCL-rGO scaffolds are a promising platform for regenerative engineering applications. All scaffolds were cytocompatible and supported cell growth and viability. The in vitro response of the scaffolds was assessed using human adipose-derived stem cells. This, together with the homogeneous dispersion of the rGO sheets within the polymer matrix, significantly improved the compressive strength and stiffness by 185% and 150%, respectively, at 0.5 wt.% rGO inclusion. The resultant scaffolds were seamlessly integrated, and 3D printed with high fidelity and consistency across all groups. The inks were prepared by creating composite PCL-rGO films through solvent evaporation casting that were subsequently fed into the 3D printer for extrusion. We employed a two-step fabrication process to ensure an even mixture and distribution of the rGO sheets within the PCL matrix. In this work, we prepared 3D printed composite scaffolds comprising polycaprolactone (PCL) and various amounts of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at 0.5, 1, and 3 wt.%. Various designs and inks are actively investigated to prepare scaffolds for different tissues. The ability to produce constructs with a high control over the bulk geometry and internal architecture has situated 3D printing as an attractive fabrication technique for scaffolds.
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